So far we have seen ideal equilibrium but in real life is really hard to find an ideal system, so instead of that we have non-ideal system, but how do we know a system is non-ideal?
The fugacity helps us to know how wide is the system from the ideality.
The fugacity helps us to know how wide is the system from the ideality.
φ=
ƒi /Pi, sys
φ
>1 Repulsive forces that are stronger (escapes faster)
|
φ < 1 Not tendency to escape
|
The non ideal solutions do not follow Raoult's law, but follows Henry's law does.
The non ideal solutions involves azeotrope formation.
The examples of maximum boiling points azeotrope are:
water-nitric acid
water-hydrocloric acid
Chloroform-acetone
Minimum boiling points:
water-ethyl alcohol
carbon tetrachloride - ethyl alcohol
methyl alcohol - acetone
Reference: Sharma, B. K. (2010). Objective Question Bank in Chemistry. India: Krishna Prakashan Media.
The examples of maximum boiling points azeotrope are:
water-nitric acid
water-hydrocloric acid
Chloroform-acetone
Minimum boiling points:
water-ethyl alcohol
carbon tetrachloride - ethyl alcohol
methyl alcohol - acetone
Reference: Sharma, B. K. (2010). Objective Question Bank in Chemistry. India: Krishna Prakashan Media.